Rtishchev Fedor Biography

Unfortunately, the childhood of F. unfortunately, the details of how R. was raised and raised, however, however, since M. Rtishchevs were pious and pious people who devoted from their insignificant state and the well -being of the temple, and the children's needs, the children grew up in the fear of God and used to think more about their neighbors than about themselves.

According to N. Kashkin, who wrote a biographical essay to F. Rtishchev, he “embodied the ideal of the highest morality of the Russian layman of the 17th century. Klyuchevsky compared him with a lighthouse: in his opinion, he belonged to those people who "from his historical Dali would not stop shining, like lighthouses in the midst of a nightmal, illuminating our path." In his proximity to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who entrusted him with the fulfillment of important state affairs, R.

He stood for them at an unattainable height due to the fact that the goal of his private life set to serve the suffering and in need of humanity. Soon after his death, it was composed: “The Life of the gracious husband of Theodore, the title of Rtishchev” - an extremely rare phenomenon for a layman of ancient Moscow Rus', since in those days they were mainly compiled, the biographies of saints and clergy, not laity.

A zealous visit to the Church, contemplative prayer, post, serving blue and miserable, a manifestation of “humility of true, meekness of the irreplaceable” on the one hand and removal from games and fun with peers on the other - this is how the moral appearance of R.'s adolescence is drawn from R. in the city of Cherkassky, sent there in the arrival of the “Crimean king and the Krymsky and Nogai people”.

Soon after the death of Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich in the same G. Rtishchevs, they were called from Tula "to the sovereign to Moscow." Rtishchev was appointed in “cooking with a key”, and R. under Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich was held by Bogd. Khitrovo, native nephew Mih. Rtishcheva, who then received an appointment to the post of regimental governor in Temnikov. It is very possible that the beginning of approaching the Rtishchevs court occurred thanks to the efforts of Khitrovo, who used the already known meaning at court and especially read his uncle Mich.

The same time is about his marriage to Ksenia Matveevna Zubova, in the dowry after which he received the patrimony of his father -in -law in Kinesham district. In the fall of the year, R. on the day of marriage of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich R. Sister R. Anna Mikhailovna Velyaminova, who was widowed back in the city, Anna Mikhailovna was an outstanding woman, with a strong character; R. The wife of Rtishchev was a “visiting boyar of the queen”, his brother, Theodore Mich.

Menshoi - the indoor stupid, and when he married, his wife also became "a visiting boyar." In order to be able to dwell on some aspects of the diverse activities of R., returning to Moscow only on February G. In September of this year, the Tsar laid on R. the Great hetman Lithuanian Prince Janusz Radziwill, who was headed by the United Polish and Lithuanian troops and clothed by great powers, did not manage to arrange the defense of Lithuania.

As a result of this, many important cities were taken by Russian troops, while others Swedish king Charles X. Prince Radziwill entered into relations with the latter and asked him to take Lithuania under his protection, to which he happily agreed. Meanwhile, the Naval hetman Lithuanian Gonsevsky, preferring Moscow patronage to the Swedish, turned to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with a request to send a trustee for negotiations about the world.

The king appointed R. Cherkassky and found the messengers there, who arrived from Prince Radziwill and from the hetman Gonsevsky. Judging by the speeches of the messengers, it was clear that if Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich turned to some Lithuanian nobles in a timely manner, for example. Having crossed the Neman, R. These intelligence cost R. precisely at that time Gonsevsky, during his commitment to Moscow, was in custody, Prince Radziwill was removed for being transmitted to Sweden, and Pavel Sapga took the hetman's place.

When R. from the R. presented by R. further in the article list was about land concessions and monetary rewards from Lithuania and the choice of a place for the congress of ambassadors. In the conclusion of R. Sapega, Prince Radziwill was the authorized king and Sejm in the conduct of war and peace negotiations, as a result of which the king was sideways.

Now, when Prince Radziwill was handed over to Sweden, Sapega and senators will send Gonz Genidolitsky to Tsar Alexei Gontolitsky for preliminary negotiations about the world. Only on October, R. at that time Alexei Mikhailovich, knowing nothing about R. Ordyn-Nashchokin, governor in Druei. One of the letters said, by the way: “About our bedding Fedor Mikhailovich Rtishchev would have been conducted by all sorts of customs firmly, where he is now, at Radzila, or from the German, or to the king, and what you have from Kovo - and you would write about it at once.” In early November, R.

The main merit of R. Zaborovsky awarding him into the okolniki.At the same time, a “fairy tale” was read, in which his embassy service in Lithuania boiled: “Your service to us, the great sovereign, is canceled because you took our sovereign title with newly -wrapped titles”, while in the ancestors it did not happen that in the military battle between the great sovereigns and did not make the ambassadors and the ambassadors of the world.

” On the fields of this fairy tale, the king personally wrote: “From much! Simultaneously with a complaint, R. indicated him in the ringing tsar also accompanied him upon the return of G January to Moscow R. in - GG. The last of these orders was in charge of different things, depending on the fact that mainly cared the king. The order of the Livonian affairs was in charge of the settlement of captured Germans, Poles and Lithuanians in Siberia.

By the way, it will be mentioned here that although the reference to Siberia of the famous Krizhanich, made according to the royal command, was supposed to dispose of R. during his stay in Moscow for months Krizhanich rotated in the circle of the Andreevsky elders and was obviously trying through R. Krizhanich also tried about the publication of the corrected Slavic Bible and the publication of Slavic grammar and dictionary, calculating in According to Krizhanich, R.

Kashkin writes to R. about R.'s testimony about Rtishchev’s attitude to Krizhinich, by the way, the following: “Obviously, he reported to Krizhanich to Tsar Rtishchev, why the famous writer found himself by the order of the Great Palace. It is also obvious that if Krizhanich’s true goals were unraveled to them, then this is the unraveling of the link, which is the exiled, as it is clear from impartial, that is, his laudatory reviews of his attitude to Little Russia.

At the end of the Polish war, the Moscow government had to intervene in internal affairs.

Little Russia, due to the discord that occurred there. Rtishchev, being close to the tsar and is known in Little Russia, as a student of the Kyiv elders, as it will be below, spoke in force of circumstances in the political field. Most of the clergy and ordinary people were not repented that they had surrendered to the protection of the Moscow king, the military foreman and the gentry sought to unite with Poland.

Upon the death of Bogdan Khmelnitsky in the city of the mediator between the Moscow government and the Little Russian people, the Little Russian clergy spoke, and Rtishchev had relations with many clergymen who addressed him even for their private affairs. Getman Vygovsky changed the Moscow government; The successor of his Yuri Khmelnitsky did the same. There was an extreme need to have a reliable person in Little Russia, which would use its influence in favor of Moscow.

Rtishchev pointed to the Nezhinsky Protopop Maxim Filimonovich, with whom he had been in correspondence for several years. Filimonovich was called to Moscow, erected to the rank of bishop of Mstislavsky and Orshinsky, under the name Methodius, and appointed the guardian of the Kyiv Metropolis. At that time, there were three candidates for hetmanism in Little Russia: the Hetman Samko, Colonel Zolotarenko and Zaporizhzhya Kosheva Bryukhovetsky.

Pretending to be loyal to Moscow, they tried to show that they not only did not seek to get a hetman mace, but they think it was desirable for Little Russia to be in charge of a Muscovite. Samko, and with him, many colonels and senior Cossacks stated that the most suitable ruler would be Rtishchev, because he was affectionate with the Little Russians, brings to the attention of the tsar their petition, carefully refers to their messengers and what they say - then everything is truthful, and “they, the Cossacks, foremen and all the ink are much and more reliable will be more reliable for the great sovereign.” Bryukhovetsky wrote to Bishop Methodius: “We should not take care of the hetman, but about the prince of the Little Russian from his royal majesty, I wish Theodore Mikhailovich to this.” The appointment of Rtishchev by the ruler of Little Russia, however, did not take place, and the hetman received Bryukhovetsky.

The Bryukhovetsky, who also changed the Moscow king, was followed by the hetman multiple -sinful; Under him, the Chernihiv Archbishop Lazar Baranovich enjoyed special influence in the matters of Little Russia. With what respect he treated Rtishchev, it is evident from his letter to Simeon Polotsk, whom he asked to talk about the satisfaction of some desires of the Cossacks with "Mr.

Fedor Irtish, as with a judicial husband." Cash reform. In order to be able to pay a dressing for military people during the war with Poland, and then with Sweden, the Moscow government increased taxes from merchants and peasants. If we recall that all the attempts of the Moscow government remained in vain to find silver and gold ore within their state, and that only foreign coins turned on the monetary market, it will be clear why a strong deficiency in a silver coin was felt at this time.

It is exactly known to whom the idea of ​​such monetary reform came, but it is believed that it was made on the advice of Rtishchev. From the above moral properties of R.The artificial equation of copper money with silver could not have been held for a long time, especially since the so -called “thieves” appeared, and for the present - false money. The heads and kissers, assigned by the government to supervise the reception and expense of both copper and money, were abused by royal trust and rich.

The same thing was repeated as at the beginning of the monetary reform: as then the “thieves”, because by summer, this coincided with a new tax: for war with Poland, due to Little Russia, not a tenth money was collected, as it was before, but the fifth money.