Biography Menzhinsky

His grandfather was a choir singer. Father, Rudolf Ignatievich Menzhinsky - state adviser, graduate of St. Petersburg University, teacher of history in the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps, renamed the cadet gymnasium in the year, Page Corps, the women's boarding house Madame Trush and in the highest female courses. Mother, Maria Aleksandrovna Shakeeva, daughter of the inspector of the school of cavalry supporters and cadets.

Menzhinsky had two sisters: Vera and Lyudmila - in the year he graduated from the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg University. He conducted classes in Vespravsky schools for workers, in illegal working circles. In his youth, he was close to the literary and artical environment of the Silver Age with I. Konevsky, then entered the circle of Yu. Verkhovsky, wrote and printed prose.

The story “Roman Demidov” was published in the Green Collection of Poems and Prose under the same cover with the debut performance of M. Kuzmin, the story “Jesus. From the book of Varavva ” - in the almanac“ Protalina ”, also with the participation of Kuzmin. In February, he was sent to Yaroslavl as a representative of the Iskra newspaper to help local social democrats. He worked as an assistant to the ruler of cases in the construction of the construction of the Vologda-Vyatka Railway.

At this time, M. Kedrov, N. Podvoisky, Nina Didrikil's wife Podvoysky worked in it. Menzhinsky led the military department, preparing the collections of materials about the course of the Russo-Japanese War from various foreign publications, and was the secretary of the editorial office of the Opposition newspaper North Territory. As a result of the popular unrest that arose after the manifesto on October 17, the newspaper’s editorial office was defeated.

The cadet-soldiers of the newspaper decided to return the editorial power to the responsible editor V. Mikheev, as a result of which Menzhinsky and the Bolsheviks left the editorial office. He was arrested in the year, a few months later he was released from prison and fled abroad. He collaborated in the Proletarian newspaper, along with the editors of which he moved to Paris.

He listened to lectures at the University of Paris, was engaged in self -education, studied languages. At this time, Menzhinsky entered the “Forward” group, and lectured at the school of this group in Bologna. He worked at the Lyon Credit bank since the year. Revolution and Civil War V. After the February Revolution, through London returned to Russia.

Together with A. Ilyin-Genevsky, he edited the newspaper "Soldier". During the October Revolution, a member of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, Commissioner of the VRC in the State Bank. He was appointed Deputy People's Commissar of Finance actually performed the duties of the People’s Commissar, since the appointed by I. Skvortsov-Stepanov did not proceed to work.

In January - March, he held the post of People's Commissar of Finance. With the participation of Menzhinsky, the nationalization of banks and a tough struggle against the strike of bank employees were carried out. In March, when the Soviet government moved to Moscow, Menzhinsky, by decision of the Central Committee, remained working in Petrograd. He led the criminal sector of the Commissariat of Justice of the Petrograd labor commune and took an active part in the work of the Petrograd Cheka.

The composition of the Cheka Menzhinsky was introduced on December 8th 21. Then, in the year, Menzhinsky served the post of Soviet consul in Berlin for some time. In October, he was negotiating the supply of German coal to Petrograd. He returned from Germany after a rupture of diplomitions on November 5. The daughter of Adolf Ioffe, who was in the year by the Envoy of the RSFSR in Germany, subsequently recalled the then Menzhzhinsky who worked in the same place: “He was a little talkative, gloomy and unusually polite - even with me a twelve -year -old girl - approx.

She also noted that Dzerzhinsky, who appeared at the same time for a short while in Berlin, "I remember that I talked a lot with our Consul Menzhinsky General." In the year, the People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasant Inspectorate of Ukraine. In the Cheka since the year, he served as the head of the special department. For the period in which he held the post of chairman of the OGPU, there is a “great fracture” - Stalin’s political course, which consisted in the elimination of the NEP, continuous collectivization of the peasantry, and the transition to accelerated industrialization.

According to opponents of the Soviet regime, this policy was pursued by mass repressions against the wide layers of the country's population, first of all, against the wealthy peasantry, the "kulaks" and that part of the peasants who did not agree to join collective farms, "brilliants". The kulaks were subject to “liquidation as a class”, which in practice meant confiscation of property, violent resettlement, including in uninhabited areas with harsh living conditions, and imprisonment in the forced labor camps.

In the implementation of the new policy of the Soviet state, the OGPU was assigned the role of one of the main performers, and Menzhinsky vigorously set to implement it.With the beginning of the collectivization, the number of prisoners for political motives grew, and in the year in the OGPU the system of forced labor camps was created, the convicts were sent to the construction of the White Sea-Mocanal-and then the construction of the Moscow-Volga channel-the practice of political processes in matters that are led to cleaning in various fields of the national economy begins: Shakhty business, coal industry.

, the work of the labor peasant party, agriculture, the work of the industrial Party, industry, the case of the Union Bureau of the Mensheviks former Mensheviks. During the period of the chairmen of Menzhinsky, the OGPU has the beginning of the organization of the “sharashki” specialist, in which prisoners and engineers created samples of new equipment. Grigorovich and N.

Polikarpov developed the first Soviet fighters. The convict in the case of the industrial party L. Ramzin in prison is developing a direct -flow boiler. Menzhinsky successors were used. Menzhinsky set a record of the duration of the stay of the head of the special services of the Stalin era - 8 years. At the XV Congress of the CPSU, Menzhinsky made a message about the connections of workers of the illegal opposition Trotskyist printing house with counter-revolutionaries-and-heads.

Under Menzhinsky, politicalizers were created, in which there were figures of the Moloshevik parties, and then opposition from the CPSU b. In recent years in the last years of his life, the head of the OGPU has been seriously ill and has been chained to bed for a long time, spending colleges at home. The evidence was preserved that he held meetings of the operatives, resting on the couch.

The chief of state security had a huge list of cardiological diseases. In addition to this, injuries received as a result of an accident in Paris during emigration Menzhinsky then fell under the car. Menzhinsky died on May 10. He was cremated, the ashes were placed in the urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Berry, also became the People’s Commissar of the Interior.

In the year, the third Moscow process pronounced the verdict according to which Menzhinsky was killed as a result of improper treatment by order of the berry on the instructions of the right -Trotskyist bloc. The family was married three times, for the first time in Julia Ivanovna, from whom Menzhinsky had three children. The second wife is Maria Nikolaevna Rostovtseva Um.

The third wife - Adova Alla Semenovna, worked as an engineer of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute. Zhukovsky Tsagi. From her, Menzhinsky had a son Rudolph -, a diplomat who died young under unknown circumstances of the link:.