Lung biography

Content reading time: 10 min. Lung cancer is a malignant tumor that develops in the tissues of the lung. The lungs are a paired body that provides gas exchange in the body. The term “lung cancer” implies a group of tumor diseases, which includes shallow and non -mellar tumors. The main signs of a tumor in the lungs include prolonged cough, chest pain, hemoptysis. Often at the initial stages of the tumor, the patient does not experience symptoms, and cancer is possible only if the patient undergoes regular preventive examinations.

Computed tomography and bronchoscopy with biopsy are the “standard” diagnosis of pulmonary tumors. Methods of treatment include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgical intervention. Tactics of treatment depends on the stage, type of tumor, patient condition. The causes of the disease of cigarettes is the main cause and risk factor of the development of the tumor.

Refusal of smoking, regardless of experience, significantly reduces the risk of lung cancer. The causes of lung cancer in non -smokers passive smoking. Previous radiation therapy of the chest. Work in contact with asbestos, nickel, arsenic. Symptoms of lung cancer to common symptoms of malignant pulmonary neoplasm include: long cough, more often dry, which worsens over time; chest pain; Heltering.

Patients note spatulas with veins. The volume of hemoptysis depends on the degree of damage to the lung tissue; shortness of breath with rhythm and breathing frequency; swelling of the face and upper extremities; Loss of weight without an obvious reason. The signs also include recurrent inflammation of the lungs. It is worth noting that these symptoms are not specific, they can bother patients with tuberculosis, pneumonia.

Clinical signs are always compared with the results of laboratory and instrumental diagnosis. The first signs of lung cancer usually at the initial stage of lung cancer are asymptomatic. The patient begins to experience complaints in the later stages, when the tumor reaches certain sizes and spreads to the surrounding tissues and organs. The pathogenesis of lung cancer establishes that the main cause of the appearance of a malignant tumor in the lungs is tobacco smoking.

The tobacco contains a huge amount of carcinogens. Cambents cause mutations in DNA of cells, lining bronchi and lungs. Normally, each cell is programmed for apoptosis - natural death. As a result of mutations, the cells lose their ability to apoptosis and begin to share uncontrollably. Thus, a malignant tumor appears and begins to grow. Types and classification of lung cancer depending on localization, two main forms are determined: central lung cancer; The peripheral cancer of the lung.

Depending on the histological structure, lung cancer is divided into two main groups: finely cell cancer and non -alcohol cancer. In turn, the group of non -cell cancer includes several types of tumors. The vast majority of cancer cases belong to non -alcohol cancer. Each tumor is characterized by localization, histological structure. Little cell cancer is the most aggressive form of cancer.

In most cases, the tumor is located central. This is an inoperable form of cancer, only chemotherapy is possible as treatment. The group of non -cell cancer includes: adenocarcinoma, flat cell and large -cell cancer. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form among smoking and non -smoker patients, formed in the peripheral parts of the lungs, has a favorable prognosis.

Plant -cell carcinoma is associated with smoking more than any other tumor, characterized by central localization. Larked cancer. The tumor has peripheral localization. The prognosis of this form is unfavorable. Preferably surgical treatment, since the tumor does not respond to chemotherapy. The stages of lung cancer are carried out taking into account the size of the tumor, the degree of distribution into the surrounding fabrics, as well as metastasis into regional and remote lymph nodes.

For stadium, the TNM international classification is used, where: t - tumor - reflects the size of the tumor; N - nodulus - describes the spread of the tumor into the surrounding light lymph nodes; M - metastasis - reflects the spread of cancer cells into remote parts of the body of metastasis. Stage 1 is divided into 1A and 1B. Stage 1a. Cancer is a minimum invasive tumor.

The size of the tumor does not exceed 3 cm, the tumor sprouts no more than 0.5 cm. Distribution to the nearest and distant lymph nodes and organs is not characteristic. Stage 1B. The size of the tumor reaches from 3 to 4 cm, invasive growth to a depth of more than 0.5 cm. Perhaps germination in the main bronchus, into a pleura covering the lung. Stage 2 is divided into 2A and 2V.

Stage 2A. The size of the tumor is cm. Perhaps the germination in the main bronchus, into the pleura without distribution to the lymph nodes and without distant metastasis. Stage 2v.It has the same characteristic as 2B, with the difference that at this stage it is possible to spread to the lymph nodes of the gates of the lung without distant metastasis. Stage 3 is divided into 3A, 3B, 3C.

Stage 3a. The size of the tumor can reach 7 cm. Cancer sprouts into the diaphragm, the mediastinum that contains the main vessels, nerves, the esophagus, the spine. This stage is characterized by the spread of the gates of the lung from the side of the tumor growth in the lymph nodes. Stage 3V has the same characteristics, the size of the tumor can vary and be more than 7 cm.

Stage 3C is characterized by a more aggressive germination into neighboring organs and anatomical structures. The tumor spreads to the lymph nodes on the opposite side of the tumor growth, as well as to the lymph nodes of the neck and collarbone. A distant metastasis is not characteristic. Stage 4 also determines the stands A and B. Stage 4A. The tumor at this stage can reach any size, characterized by aggressive germination in neighboring fabrics.

It is possible to spread to another light, to any regional lymph nodes surrounding the lungs. This stage is characterized by single foci of distant distribution in bones, liver or brain. Stage 4v. A tumor of any size with a tendency to spread in two or more distant areas. Complications of lung cancer disruption. The condition develops when the tumor sprouts into the surrounding tissues and covers the main respiratory tract; Massive bleeding.

The complication occurs with severe damage to the lung tissue and blood vessels; The accumulation of fluid in the chest, which can also lead to shortness of breath.

Diagnostic methods Complex diagnosis of a malignant lung tumor take place in several stages. Laboratory diagnostics: sputum cytology. In a sample of sputum in case of suspicion of oncology, the doctor can detect cancer cells; Analysis of pleural effusion - fluids that accumulate around the lungs; Blood test for cancer embryonic antigen, neurosperia enolase instrumental diagnostics: X -ray as a starting diagnosis both within the framework of preventive examinations and with suspicion of lung cancer in the first applied patient; low -dose CT as a screening for patients from a risk group; thin -iginal aspiration for CT control for the diagnosis of peripheral tumors; bronchoscopy with biopsy and subsequent histological examination for diagnosis of cancer with central localization; MRI, PET for detailing and clarifying the diagnosis.

Treatment of treatment tactics depends on the stage, age of the patient, concomitant diseases. If a tumor is detected in the early stages, the method of choice is complete surgical removal. In other cases, treatment is almost always combined. Radiation therapy. The method is based on the use of x -ray radiation, which destroys cancer cells. Raying therapy is used for treatment, as well as to facilitate the condition in the last stages.

Chemotherapy of lung cancer involves the use of drugs against a cancer tumor in the form of tablets or injections. The only method of treating aggressive small cell cancer is chemotherapy. Targeted therapy of lung cancer involves the use of drugs that purposefully destroy malignant cancer cells without affecting healthy cells. Targeted therapy became possible when some types of neoplasms determined genetic mutations that can be influenced.

Immunotherapy of lung cancer. This method is used to treat patients with late stages of cancer. The essence of the method is the activation of the immune system for a targeted struggle against the tumor. Surgical treatment is effective in the initial stages as the only treatment method. In the later stages, surgery is combined with other treatment methods. For surgical treatment of lung cancer, modern high -tech equipment is used.

Thoracoscopic operations are performed in a binoport and single -port technique, which ensures early rehabilitation and reduction of pain. For the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy, modern EBUS and mediastinoscopy types of surgical intervention are used, depending on the volume: wedge -shaped resection.