Biography of Dmitry Sakharov

Sakharov Andrei Creator of the “Tsar-Bomb” and the nuclear shield of the USSR, later a fierce critic of the ruling regime and the dissident, human rights activist and the “conscience of the nation”-he demonstrated an amazing internal rebirth, which left few indifferent. For some, Academician Sakharov became a striking example of internal liberation, others hastened to brand him as a traitor.

Childhood and youth Andrei Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born on May 21 in Moscow in a family of a physicist of physics, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov and daughter of General Artillery Royal Army Ekaterina Alekseevna Sofiano. The Sakharov family came from the priests of the Nizhny Novgorod province, and only the grandfather of Andrei Dmitrievich served the nobility.

The childhood of the future academician passed in Granati Lane, in a large communal apartment, where parents moved at the end of the year. The father of the family was a great inventor and an excellent teacher. He encouraged the interest of the sons of Andrei and Yuri in riddles, tricks, sharadam, chess and any other ways to develop non -standard thinking. The summer months of the family lived in the country near Moscow.

The education of Andrei Sakharov from 6 to 13 years old Andrei Sakharov studied at home: his father gathered a group of children of his friends and relatives, and invited to conduct lessons for them to familiar teachers. By the beginning of classes with teachers, a capable boy already knew how to read, especially in love with fairy tales and adventures. Home school was interrupted in the fall of the year, and Andrei easily entered the 7th grade of the 3rd exemplary Moscow school.

He studied easily, especially comprehending physics and mathematics. Labor lessons caused the only difficulty - a carpentry business was not given a capable guy. Soon, a passion for physical experiments came: subsequently, Sakharov recalled that he replaced the inability to craft in a bizarre invention. In high school, a teenager has a serious interest in scientific literature.

The popular science books of Y. Perelman Andrei knew almost by heart, among the loved ones were also included “flight into world space as a technical opportunity” by Max Valier, “numbers and figures” of Gans Rademacher and Otto Teplitsa, “Universe around us” James Jeans. As an excellent student, Sakharov had the right to enter any institution without exams, and he chose the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University.

From autumn to summer Andrei studied in Moscow, in - gg. From the first year, he showed brilliant abilities in theoretical physics. Sometimes it came to the point that the examiners - the venerable professors - had to admit that the student of Sakharov knew the subject better than them. With the outbreak of war, Sakharov, unsuitable for drill service for health reasons, repaired the radio equipment for the front, unloaded the cars, participated in subbotniks, and after graduating from studying in the fall of the year he received a referral to the cartridge plant in Ulyanovsk.

Working in the laboratory at the factory, Andrei Dmitrievich, made his first invention - a device for controlling the quality of armor -piercing cores. The candidate dissertation “Theory of Nuclear Transitions type 0-0”, protected in the year, demonstrated the tremendous potential of Sakharov as a nuclear physicist, and next year he was included in the “special theoretical group”.

The scientific activity of Andrei Sakharov in front of the group, in which under the leadership of I. Tamma also worked as Yu. Khariton, Y. Zeldovich, V. Ginzburg and other promising specialists, set an ambitious task: to develop a new type of weapons - a hydrogen bomb as soon as possible. For several years, from to gg. It was Sakharov who proposed a technological technique that became the key - that is the alternating layers of the deater and uranium in the dense uranium membrane made it possible to significantly increase the concentration and temperature of the deater, and, therefore, to carry out a thermonuclear reaction.

After the obvious success on Sakharov, the rain of titles, bonuses and awards literally spilled on. He continued to work in Sarov for up to a year, participating in projects to create a Soviet atomic submarine, the first thermonuclear bomb of the RDS, the “products” of the most powerful explosive device in the history of mankind, known as the “king-bomb”, etc. Since the beginning of the xg.

Sakharov became cosmology problems. He published several volumetric articles about the physical nature of the large explosion, gravitational instability of the substance, the baronic asymmetry of the Universe, etc. But from the middle of the XG. For many metamorphosis, which occurred with a scientist -related government, it seemed completely inexplicable.

Meanwhile, back in the year, he refused to join the Communist Party, and during the time of the Thaw, he completely expressed his views freely. Among the academicians, this was in the order of things: understanding their irreplaceability, they could afford a certain independence of judgments, but Sakharov went on. Struck by the power of nuclear weapons, the scientist was increasingly imbued with pacifist moods.

He advocated a moratorium in atomic tests, published articles covering the destructive harm of radiation, the danger of environmental infection. In the year, at a meeting of nuclear physicists in the Kremlin between A. Sakharov and N. Khrushchev, a conflict occurred.The Secretary General was furious: Sakharov climbs from science into politics and tries to dictate what to do!

Only after the Caribbean crisis, as a result of signing the Moscow agreement of the year, nuclear tests limited underground explosions. Up to a year, political protests were limited to the sphere of the scientific interests of Sakharov, but after the political process of dissidents A. Sinyavsky and Yu. Daniel, he completely switched to public issues. The most important role in a similar understanding of civic duty and moral responsibility was played by acquaintance with Samizdat - in fact, prohibited literature.

Since that time, Andrei Dmitrievich is an active participant in all human rights shares. The academician tried to reason, but nothing helped. As a result, he was removed from secret work as unreliable. In the year, Sakharov again became Fian, whose employee he was listed until his death. In e gg. He collaborated with the Human Rights Committee, openly criticized the Soviet leadership for non -compliance with the Constitution, arranged hunger strikes, supported the introduction of Jackson’s correction - Vanik, collaborated with the Moscow Helsinsky group, etc.

The scientist was actively observed abroad, and sympathized with his struggle for human rights. In the year, the Nobel Committee called Sakharov "an expression of the conscience of mankind" and awarded him the world award. Up to a year in the USSR, newspaper injury was arranged against Sakharov, they established constant observation with wiretap, etc. When he publicly opposed the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, the patience of the authorities burst.

The academician deprived state awards and sent to Gorky - the people joked that the Politburo decided to sweeten the life of the Gorky residents. Gorbacheva on December 16 did not return to Moscow. He performed from the rostrum eight times, violating the regulations, defiantly refused to stand up in the performance of the Soviet anthem, demanded an immediate change in the constitution.

He was boasted and ridiculed, but Sakharov continued to firmly believe in the correctness of his business. With his first wife, Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva - he met in November during work at the Ulyanovsk cartridge factory. In July, the couple got married. Claudia became a faithful wife and always supported her husband, gave birth to three children - her daughters Tatyana and Love, the son of Dmitry, but died early from cancer.

After the death of his wife, Andrei Dmitrievich met with the famous dissident Elena Georgievna Bonner - with whom he officially formalized relations in the year. This strong and strong -willed woman had a great influence on her husband. The death and funeral of Andrei Sakharov on the morning of December 14, Sakharov was preparing to speak at the II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, participated in a meeting of the interregional deputy group, called from the rostrum to cancel the 6th article of the Constitution, gave a multi-hour interview for a documentary-such rich days became for the academician after returning from exile by the norm.

When Sakharov returned to his house on Chkalov Street late in the evening, he had a heart attack, followed by death. Tens of thousands of Muscovites came to say goodbye to the human rights activist. The third memorial service took place on the same day in Luzhniki. On the evening of December 18, Academician Sakharov was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow. The awards and prizes of Andrei Sakharov’s contribution to science to science and strengthening the country's defense capabilities were marked by three golden stars of the Hero of Socialist Labor,, the Order of Lenin and several medals, as well as the Stalinist prize of the 1st degree and the Lenin Prize, except for the Nobel Prize of the World of the Year, the Italian Prize of the Ruion Del Duk, the American Prize of Leo, the American Prize of Leo.

Sileard, International Physical Prize of Tomall and others. In the year, as a result of a wide survey of public opinion, the name of Sakharov entered the ten most outstanding Russians of the 20th century. The European Prize of his name was established, dozens of streets in Russia were named after the famous scientist and human rights activist. In the year, Russia was widely celebrated from the birthday of an outstanding compatriot.